Connection Between Gila Monsters, Anglerfish, and Ozempic
The development of
Ozempic (active ingredient:
semaglutide) is deeply rooted in natural compounds discovered in
Gila monster venom and early research on
anglerfish, representing a remarkable convergence of evolutionary biology and pharmaceutical science.
1. Gila Monster Venom and Exendin-4
The
Gila monster (
Heloderma suspectum), a venomous lizard native to the southwestern U.S., produces a hormone in its saliva called
exendin-4. This compound is structurally
50% homologous to the human hormone
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which regulates blood sugar and appetite by stimulating insulin release.
Unlike human GLP-1, which degrades within minutes,
exendin-4 remains active for hours, making it an ideal candidate for drug development. In the early 1990s, Dr. John Eng, a researcher at the Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, isolated this peptide and patented it. His work led to the creation of
exenatide (brand name Byetta), the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA in 2005 for type 2 diabetes.
Gila monsterspecies of venomous lizard from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
Wikipedia
2. Evolution to Semaglutide (Ozempic)
Building on exendin-4, scientists engineered
semaglutide, a synthetic analog designed for even greater stability and efficacy. Semaglutide mimics GLP-1 but resists enzymatic breakdown, allowing for
once-weekly injections. It not only improves glycemic control in diabetics but also significantly reduces appetite and slows gastric emptying, leading to substantial weight loss.
Though Novo Nordisk (maker of Ozempic) states their development was based on human GLP-1 biology, they acknowledge that
exendin-4's discovery was a pivotal contribution to the field.
Semaglutide=Modified GLP-1 analog with extended half-life
3. Role of Anglerfish in Early GLP-1 Discovery
While Gila monsters provided the durable hormone template, the
anglerfish played a foundational role. In the 1980s, researchers studying deep-sea anglerfish used recombinant DNA technology to identify
proglucagon, the precursor to GLP-1. This discovery enabled the identification of GLP-1 in humans and its insulinotropic effects—stimulating insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose